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Back-released velar click
A velar click, or more precisely a back-released velar click, is any of a family of click consonants found in paralinguistic use in several languages of Africa such as Wolof.〔Lenore Grenoble (2014) "Verbal gestures: Toward a field-based approach to language description". In Plungian et al. (eds.), ''Language. Constants. Variables: In memory of A. E. Kibrik'', 105–118. Aleteija: Saint Petersburg.〕〔Grenoble, Martinovic, & Baglini (2015) "Verbal gestures in Wolof". ''Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics.'' Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.〕 The tongue is in a similar position to other click articulations, such as an alveolar click, and like other clicks, the airstream mechanism is lingual. However, unlike other clicks, the salient sound is produced by releasing the rear (probably velar) closure of the tongue rather than the front closure. Consequently, the air that fills the vacuum comes from behind the tongue, from the nasal cavity or the throat.
==IPA symbol withdrawn==
In 1949, International Phonetic Association (IPA) recommended the symbol , a turned kay, for clicks at this place of articulation. At the time, little was known about the articulation of clicks, and velar clicks were a purely hypothetical sound. The IPA later judged them to be impossible, and withdrew the symbol 1979. The reasoning was that a click could not be produced in which both the front and rear closures occurred at the back of the tongue. (The rear articulation of all clicks is velar or uvular, and the families of dental, alveolar, palatal, and bilabial clicks are defined by the front closure.)
Indeed, no language is known in which a velar release of the tongue triggers an influx of air from the front of the mouth. However, in languages such as Wolof, velar clicks are possible because the release sequence is reversed: there is a centimeter or two of separation between the front and rear closures of the tongue, and it is the rear (velar) rather than front closure that is released to produce the sound.〔Florian Lionnet (f.c.) "Paralinguistic use of clicks in Chad"〕
The letter was dropped from the IPA, but from 2008 to 2015 was picked up by the extensions to the IPA to mark a velodorsal articulation in speech pathology.〔()〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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